Indawo ecwangcisiweyo yaseBulgaria yenza ukuba abatyali-mali bakwazi ukufikelela kwi-EU iphela nakwiimarike zase-Mpuma ne-Yurophu. IBulgaria inoqoqosho oluzinzileyo nolunokuqikelelwa kunye noorhulumente, kwaye yi-10% kuphela yerhafu yequmrhu ephantsi ye-EU. yiKhomishini yoLawulo lwezeMali yaseBulgaria ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokurhweba.
Umhlaba wommandla waseBulgaria ziikhilomitha ezili-110,550 zeekhilomitha, inkulu kancinci kunaleyo yeTennessee. Uhlanga luhlelwe kunxweme olusentshona loLwandle oluMnyama, kunye neRomania ngasemantla, iGrisi neTurkey ngasemazantsi, kunye neYugoslavia ngasentshona. Ukucinga ngobungakanani bayo obuncinci, iBulgaria ine-assortment engaqhelekanga yokuqaqanjelwa komhlaba. Ewe kunjalo, nakumacandelo amancinci esizwe, umhlaba ungabekelwa bucala ngamasimi, amanqanaba, amathambeka, iintaba, izitya, iintlambo kunye neentlambo ezinzulu zamanzi.
Nangona amaxesha angaphandle abhalwe rhoqo atshintsha imida yoluntu eBulgaria kwinkulungwane yokuqala yobukho, iindawo eziqaqambileyo zemimandla ebonakalise uninzi lweemida emva kowe-1944, kwaye akukho ndibano ibalulekileyo yabantu abanyamezele ubunzima bokwenyani bezezimali ngenxa yemeko yangaphandle. Emva kwemfazwe, iBulgaria yayiqulathe inqanaba elikhulu labantu bohlanga lwaseBulgaria, nangona bafudukela bangena eBulgaria. Akukho namnye kwimida yesizwe eyayiphikiswa ngegunya ngo-1991, nangona amaBulgaria ayelithanda ilizwe lakhe aqhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukuba iMakedoni- enikwa iYugoslavia neGrisi- yayingengomphumo wobumbano phakathi kwabantu baseMacedonia nabaseBulgaria.
Kwi-1991 iBulgaria yayinomphetho opheleleyo malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2,264. Imisinga imele malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-680 kunye noNxweme loLwandle oluMnyama kangangeekhilomitha ezingama-400; Iindawo ezisemazantsi nasentshona zazibonakala kakhulu kwimiphetho yommandla ophakamileyo. Imida yasentshona nasemantla yanikezelwa eYugoslavia naseRomania, ngokukodwa, kwaye unxweme loLwandle oluMnyama lwalunendawo yonke esempuma. Umphetho waseRomania walandela uMlambo iDanube kangangeekhilomitha ezingama-464 ukusuka kwikona yomntla-ntshona wesizwe ukuya kwisixeko saseSilistra kwaye emva koko watyibilika ubheke empuma-mpuma-mpuma kangangeekhilomitha ezili-136 ngakwindawo ekumantla mpuma eVarna. IDanube, ethambekileyo, ebonakala kwicala laseBulgaria kunye nommandla obanzi weebhogi kunye nemigxobhozo kwicala laseRomania, yayiyeyona mimandla ilungileyo eYurophu. Umgca weDobruja wawuzithoba kwaye waphinda wahlelwa amaxesha ambalwa ngokwesivumelwano sehlabathi. Kuloo mjikelo, uninzi lwabahlali olunotyekelo olomeleleyo loluntu oluhlaliswe kwakhona kwilizwe abalithandayo. Imiphetho esezantsi yayihamba neGrisi neTurkey. I-Outskirt ne-Greece yayiziikhilomitha ezingama-491 ubude, kunye nomphetho waseTurkey wawuziikhilomitha ezingama-240 ubude.
Geography
Olona phawu lubalulekileyo lwejografi yaseBulgaria kukutshintshiselana ngamaqela obume obuphakamileyo kunye nobuphantsi obolulele empuma ukuya entshona kwisizwe. Ukusuka emantla uye emazantsi, loo maqela yiDanubian Plateau, iiBalkan Mountains (ezibizwa ngokuba yiStara Planina, okuthetha ukuba iintaba ezindala eBulgaria), iTracian Plain egxile kuyo, kunye neeRhodope Mountains. Ezona ndawo zisempuma kufutshane noLwandle oluMnyama zinamaqhuqhuva, ukanti ziqhubeka nokuthatha ubude zijonge ngasentshona kude kube yeyona ndawo iphambili yesizwe iphakamileyo ngokupheleleyo.
Ngaphezulu kwama-66% esizwe ngamasimi, amanqanaba, okanye umhlaba onamaqhuma kubude obungaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-600. Amabala (angaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-200) enza iipesenti ezingama-31 zomhlaba, amanqanaba kunye neethambeka (i-200 ukuya kwi-600 yeemitha) iipesenti ezingama-41, iintaba eziphantsi (600 ukuya kwi-1,000 yeemitha) i-10%, iintaba eziphakathi (1,000 ukuya kwi-1,500 yeemitha) 10%, kunye neentaba eziphakamileyo (ngaphezulu kwe-1,500 yeemitha) iipesenti ezi-3. Ukuphakama okuqhelekileyo eBulgaria ziimitha ezingama-470.
I-Plateau yaseDanubian isuka kwindawo engaphandle yeYugoslavia iye kuLwandle oluMnyama. Ibandakanya ummandla ophakathi koMlambo iDanube, obumba inxalenye enkulu yomphetho wesizwe osemantla, kunye neeNtaba zeBalkan ngasemazantsi. Inqanaba lokutyibilika ngokuthantamisa ukusuka kwiibluffs ecaleni komsinga, ngelo xesha, lidibanisa iimfumba ezingama-750 ukuya kuma-950 eemitha. Inqanaba, indawo ebonakalayo enethambeka elingagungqiyo, yindawo yokugcina isizwe.
Umda osemazantsi e-Plateau yaseDanubian uxubana kwimimandla esezantsi yeeNtaba zeBalkan, isiqwenga saseBulgaria seentaba zeCarpathia. IiCarpathians zikhangeleka ngathi zijikile S njengoko zibaleka zisiya empuma ukusuka eCzechoslovakia zinqumle intla yomntla weRomania, zijikela emazantsi ziye kumbindi weRomania zize emva koko zibalekele ngasentshona, apho zaziwa ngokuba ziiTransylvanian Alps. Iintaba zijikela ngasempuma kwakhona kwiSango le-Iron, umsantsa woMlambo iDanube kwindawo engaphandle kweRomania-Yugoslavia. Ngelo xesha, baba ziiBalkan Mountains zaseBulgaria.
Iintaba zeBalkan ziqala kwiTimok Valley eYugoslavia kwaye zibalekele emazantsi zijongise iSofia Basin kwintshona ye-Bulgaria. Ukusuka apho, babalekela empuma baya kuLwandle oluMnyama. IiBalkan zijikeleze iikhilomitha ezingama-600 ubude kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-50 ububanzi. Babambe ubude babo ukuya kugxile kwiBulgaria, apho iBotev Peak, eyona ndawo iphambili kwiiBalkan Mountains, inyuka iye kufikelela kwi-2,376 yeemitha. Ukufikelela ngelo xesha kuqhubeka kubude obusezantsi ukuya kwimimandla yoLwandle oluMnyama. Ngoninzi lweBulgaria, iBalkans yakha ulungelelwaniso lwamanzi ukusuka apho umjelo wamanzi usinga emantla uye eDanube River okanye emazantsi kuLwandle iAegean. Eminye imijelo enesidima kumjelo osempuma ngokuthe ngqo ukuya kuLwandle oluMnyama. ISredna Gora (ithambeka lokugxila) sisiphelo esithintelweyo esijikeleze iikhilomitha ezili-160 ubude kunye neemitha ezili-1,600 ukuphakama, esibaleka sisiya empuma sisiya ngasentshona sifana neBalkans. Ngasezantsi kusezantsi kweNtlambo yeRos, eyaziwayo ngeoyile esetyenziselwa ivumba kunye notywala.
Ukunyuka kwamazantsi eeNtaba zeBalkan kunye neSredna Gora kunika indlela eya kwiThafa laseTrracian. Ngokubanzi, emacaleni amathathu kufanelekile njengefiddle, ithafa liqala kwindawo esempuma yeentaba ezikufutshane neSofia kwaye libanzi ngasempuma ukuya kuLwandle oluMnyama. Ibandakanya intlambo yoMlambo iMaritsa kunye nemigxobhozo efikelela emlanjeni ukuya kuLwandle oluMnyama. NjengeThafa laseDanubian, indawo enkulu yeThracian Plain ihle kakhulu kwaye ayiyiyo ithafa lokwenene. Inxalenye enkulu yommandla wayo ulungelelene ngokwaneleyo ukuphuhlisa.
Iintaba zeRhodope zibandakanya umhlaba ophakathi kweThracian Plain kunye neGrikhi engaphandle ngasezantsi. I-Rhodopes yasentshona inemimandla emibini: iiRila Mountains emazantsi eSofia kunye neePirin Mountains kwikona esemazantsi-ntshona esizwe. Zezona ndawo ziphambili kubume beBulgaria nakwiPeninsula yonke yaseBalkan. Uluhlu lweRila lubandakanya iNtaba iMusala, eneemitha ezingama-2,975 ngaphezulu kwezona ziphakamileyo kulo naliphi na ilizwe laseBalkan. Malunga neencopho ezilishumi elinambini ezahlukeneyo kwiRilas zingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-2,600. Ezona zikhonkwane zibalulekileyo zichazwe ngamatye angaveliswanga ngokwaneleyo kunye namachibi akude ngaphaya komthi wokhuni. Iincam ezisezantsi, nangona kunjalo, zigutyungelwe ngamaglasi athwelwe likhephu anika ukufikelela kumbono oqhelekileyo wobukhazikhazi obuhlaza. Uluhlu lwePirin lubonakaliswe ngamanqwanqwa angamaqhina kunye namatye. Eyona ncopho iphakamileyo yiNtaba iVikhren, kwiimitha ezingama-2,915 kwindawo yesibini ephezulu eBulgaria.
Esona sitya sikhulu eBulgaria yiSofia Basin. Malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesine ububanzi kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-96 ubude, isitya siqulathe isixeko esilikomkhulu kunye nomda osijikelezayo ngokukhawuleza. Ikhosi ngeebhotile kunye neentlambo ukusuka eBelgrade ukuya eIstanbul (eyayisakuba yiConstantinople) eSofia ibisoloko ibalulekile ukusukela kwizihlandlo zamaRoma, ithathe isigqibo sobume obubalulekileyo beBalkan Peninsula. Iindawo zasezidolophini ezinkulu zaseBulgaria zasekwa kule khosi. Isimanga kukuba, ngaphandle kokuba iintaba zenza iidolophu ezininzi kunye needolophu zaseBulgaria ukuba zingafikeleleki, iBulgaria iye yahlala ingenandlela yakukuhlasela ngenxa yokuba kungekho sithintelo siqhelekileyo sithintela ikhosi ngeSofia.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yommandla waseBulgaria uthambekele kwiinyikima. Iindawo ezimbini ezibuthathaka ngakumbi yimiphetho ye-North Bulgarian Swell (ukunyuka okulungisiweyo), eyona ndawo igxile kwindawo yaseGorna Oryakhovitsa kwi-Bulgaria egxile kumantla, kunye ne-West Rhodopes Vault, ingingqi ebanzi eyolula iRila kunye nomantla. Izithili zasePirin ukuya ePlovdiv kwiBulgaria esemaZantsi. Ingakumbi iinyikima ezomeleleyo zenzeka kwimigca ye-askew ehamba phakathi kweSkopje kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseMakedoniya kunye neRazgrad kwimpuma esempuma yeBulgaria, naseAlbania ngasempuma ngaphesheya kwesithathu sezantsi seBulgaria ngePlovdiv. Iinyikima ezilishumi elinethoba zabetha iBulgaria ndaweni ithile ku-1900 nango-1986, uqhubeke uye eStrazhitsa kwindawo eseSkopjeRazgrad. Zombini ezi zanyikima zenzakalise ngaphezulu kwe-16,000 yezakhiwo, isiqingatha sazo ngokurhabaxa. Enye idolophu yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, abanye benzakaliswa kanobom. Abantu abaninzi bahlala ngalo lonke elo xesha behlala kwindawo yokuhlala emva kweminyaka emine. Ukujonga umhlaba wayo omncinci, iBulgaria inento eyothusayo kunye nomoya ontsonkothileyo. Isizwe silele phakathi kommandla wemozulu eyahlukileyo kunye neendawo zeMeditera zemozulu. Iintaba kunye neentlambo zaseBulgaria zihamba njengemida okanye imijelo yomoya, kubangela umahluko omkhulu kwimozulu kumgama omfutshane ngokubanzi. Umda welizwekazi mkhulu ngandlela thile, ngenxa yokuba umoya wommandla omkhulu uqukuqela ngokukuko kwiThafa laseDanubian. Impembelelo yelizwe, eyomeleleyo ngakumbi kulo lonke ixesha elibandayo lonyaka, ivelisa intaba yekhephu; ukunyuka kwefuthe leMeditera entwasahlobo kwaye kuzisa ukuntshula, imozulu eyomileyo. Impembelelo kuthintelo lweeBalkan Mountains zivakala kulo lonke uhlanga: zonke izinto ziqwalaselwe, kumantla eBulgaria ujikeleze isidanga esinye kwaye ufumana malunga ne-192 inani elikhulu lee-millimitha zemvula kunasemazantsi eBulgaria. Kuba uLwandle oluMnyama lincinci kakhulu ukuba lube nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemozulu yesizwe, inefuthe kummandla okhawulezileyo kunxweme lwayo.
Iintaba zeBalkan ngummandla osemazantsi wendawo apho umoya wenyikima ujikeleza ngokungazinzanga. Iintaba zeRhodope ziphawula ezona ndawo zisemantla zolawulo lwezakhelo zemozulu zeMeditera. Umda ophakathi, odibanisa iTracian Plain, uchaphazeleka ngumdibaniso wezikhokelo ezibini, kunye nomhlaba jikelele. Lo mxube uhambisa imeko yentsimi ekhangeleka ngathi ye-Corn Belt e-United States, kunye nehlobo elide kunye nokuncamathela okuphezulu. Umoya kule ndawo ubukhulu becala ubaluleke kakhulu kunamaqhekeza awahlukeneyo aseYurophu kumgangatho ofanayo. Kuba yintsimi yethutyana, amaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo kunye nemvula ziyabhabha kwaye zingatshintsha ngokubanzi unyaka nonyaka.
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